My Proposal For Children Under The Age Of Six - 980 Words

Yi Qu Dr. Anne Heintzman 2014/10/30 Word Count: 980 Competitive Analysis Introduction My proposal is for helping children under the age of six in China stand to benefit from increased access to high quality preschool education. Since 1979, the one-child policy has been in effect for 30 years in China. The first generation of single child are now growing into childbearing age. The one-child policy in China is altering family roles and child-rearing practices, raising concerns about the possible harmful effects of too much attention and pampering. It has strengthened the emphasis on education for young children. Children in China enter elementary school and take a systematically education at age 6, before that most of the young-parents let†¦show more content†¦There is no history of a dual development of one type of full-day program to provide care for children of working mothers and another type of half-day program to provide education for children of non-employed mothers. Education replaces physical care as the primary emphasis in this program. Class size inc reases with age, ranging from 20 to 40 children. Each group typically has two teachers and a nurse. Preschool: Serve children upper age 5. A part of the elementary school. It is a typically half-day program serving children the year prior to the 1st grade. Comparable to U.S. public kindergartens, these classes usually place greater emphasis upon academics and use teaching methods similar to those of the Chinese elementary classrooms. In both of those three kind of program, there is a common problem. Those children rarely work independently or in self-selected group tasks. On the contrary, the point is on following teacher s guidance, instead of self-invention. All the children will do the same thing at the same time. For example, in a typical art class, teacher demonstrates how to fold and twist a paper butterfly. Then she check every child doing the same step before proceed to the next step. Painting class usually include children to copy an object of the teacher. Even if the use of teaching toys, all children are using the same toy at the same time.

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry Essay - 949 Words

Moving Between Different Cultures in Poetry For my essay I will be looking at two poems which deal with the experience of moving between different cultures, these are Half-Caste and Search for My Tongue. These poems are written from experience. John Agard the author of Half-Caste was born in Gugana and moved to Britain in 1977. He is half-caste himself and his poem expresses his feelings about the term half-caste. Sujata Bhatt the authoress of Search for My Tongue was born in India in 1956, her family moved to the United States of America in the 1960s and she now lives in Germany. In her poem Search for My Tongue she explains how she feels about having two different languages her birth language, Gujerati and her second†¦show more content†¦The language used by the author here is very descriptive and creates a very powerful image which enables the reader to understand that the authors mother tongue, her birth language is still strong and perhaps even stronger than her second tongue, the language she most uses. The images are also very powerful because the author uses metaphors instead of similes which make the reader feel as though it is very realistic and can almost image two tongues fighting. The structures of the two poems are quite similar but Search for My Tongue has only one stanza and Half-Caste has five stanzas. Another difference is that Search for My Tongue uses two different languages, however Half-Caste is also distinctive because of the language and accent used, explain yuself, and the way it is paragraphed because there is a very short paragraph at the beginning, a long paragraph in the middle and smaller paragraphs towards the end. John Agard writes in his accent to show that he is not ashamed of what he is and doesnt have to change himself for anyone or anything. Although the structures of these poems arent very complicated they help to attract readers to them. Neither poems rhyme, but both have a rhythm. Half-Castes rhythm is continuous, and is more effective when read aloud. When reading the poem you start talking in a Caribbean accent because of the words used and the speed of how you read the poem is always a standard pace butShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Langston Hughes1413 Words   |  6 Pagespeace for the culture. 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Factors Affecting High Expenditure Customer Satisfaction

Question: Discuss about the Factors Affecting High Expenditure Customer Satisfaction. Answer: Introduction This section indicates the research methodology that brings clear explanation on the factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. Main role of researcher is to outline rationale behind the topic named as factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent (Walter and Andersen 2013). The aim of the study is to bring innovative ideas and concepts relating to the present study. This dissertation initiates in bringing the real essence as well as factors behind factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. Researchers requires in gathering reliable information from potential sources. It brings out core aspects behind the topic for future analysis purpose. Researchers use research philosophy, approach and designs for conducting the research on topic in the most appropriate way. Research onion is ex plains with proper justification from each layer in alignment with the research topic (Taylor, Bogdan and DeVault 2015). Accessing data is considered as one of the important job for the researcher. Researchers should use right data for conducting research. Secondary data should be up-to-date and the researcher should use no old data. Issue of accessibility will be found in primary data. Feedback given by the participants and the way they give feedback will be matter of issue faced by the researcher. The researchers take online interviews and they need email ids of people so that researchers can send questionnaire (Silverman 2016). Face-to-face interview taken by researcher involves time issues because participants mostly remains busy with their scheduled work and shows no interest in answering the interview questions. Researchers face variety of problem at the time of conducting the particular research on the selected topic. Due to time constraints, researchers fail to conduct in-de pth analysis on the given topic. One of the other limitations to the study is lack of financial resources. Researchers fail in using expensive method for conducting the present research work (Anfara and Mertz 2014). Research objectives To advise an action for capturing the market share To recognize factors that affects customer loyalty as well as customer satisfaction To be aware of the concept of customer loyalty and customer satisfaction To study the connection linking factors with customer loyalty and customer satisfaction Research design and justification for using quantitative survey method Research Design mainly refers to overall strategy selected for integrated components of study in logical way. It involves effective way for addressing the research problems in constituting blueprint for the collection as well as analysis of data. Research problem mainly determines in the research design for study investigation for future analysis purpose. Quantitative research is the numerical representation as well as manipulation of observations for describing phenomena of reflected observations. It requires usage of wide variety of natural as well as social sciences such as physics, biology as well as sociology and geology at the same time. There are different types of quantitative research that is classified under survey research, correlation research as well as experimental research and causal-comparative research. Survey Research The above research mainly uses scientific sampling as well as questionnaire design for measuring the characteristics of population in relation with statistical precision. It mainly requires that the respondents be selected on random basis under defined techniques. Samples of quantitative research- survey research From the various types of quantitative research, it is important to use survey method in the present study for understanding the factors behind customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Survey research is one of the systematic ways for gathering of information especially from respondents for understanding the behavioural aspects of population of interest. Survey research is mainly concerns with sampling, questionnaire design as well as questionnaire administration and data analysis. Types of Surveys In-person interviews- This is one type of survey method consisting of an interviewer asking the respondent questions in face-to-face situation. Interview usually takes place at respondents home or at research office depending upon the situation. Personal interviews are mostly flexible in nature as well as can be administered in any type of questionnaire whether structured questionnaire with specified and variable question sequences. Telephone Interviews- This type of survey method mainly involves presentation of the questionnaire used by telephone. Omnibus Survey- This is similar to telephone survey. It is a quick turnaround whereby researcher analyzes data in and within the specified week. It is cheap in relation with other related survey methods. Research Onion Research Onion means answer about how a study must be agreed out using clear methodology necessary for the research. It mainly shows clear structure with appropriate strategies as well as methods used in the research. In answering the questions in the research, it helps in expanding in the new knowledge attributes (Smith 2015). Other elements selected from the research onion layers helps in giving answers to research question deciding upon the research philosophy. Figure: Research Onion (Source: Skinner 2015) Research Philosophy The first layer in the research onion is Research Philosophies. It majorly gives an idea on how researcher thinks regarding the research. There are several views regarding the research process dominating the literature including positivism, Interpretivism and realism. Research philosophies involve beliefs for final implementation on the topic as factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent (Silverman 2016). It helps in ensuring brief understanding on the research process on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. There are three broad classification of research philosophy named as Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism. Figure: Broad Classification of Research Philosophy (Source: Reynolds et al. 2014) In this particular research, researchers make use of these research philosophies for interrelating subject matters in alignment to the given topic. Researchers use this philosophy to deal with future research outcomes in way of conducting statistical data collection methods. This particular study uses this philosophy for predicting ways for analyzed results on topic relating factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent (Pickard 2012). The main difficulty faced by researchers involves detailed research due to time constraints. On the other hand, researchers fail in adopting best methods due to insufficient financial resources. Researchers should make sure of making minimal errors at the time of conducting the research. It will help in getting better results on the topic named as factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. Post-positivism is one of the main stages in positivism philosophy for interpretation of the background research. It needs extreme scientific calculations for conducting the research in certain way. On the contrary, deductive approach deals with human thoughts as well as emotional side (Panneerselvam 2014). This particular approach ensures integrated human interest as well as benefits in case of developmental factors for the topic on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. At the end, Realism is the combined form of Positivism and Interpretivism. It aims at handling the ontological aspects of developing the main critical theories on the selected topic. Justification of using Positivism Research Philosophy Researcher selects the topic on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent for conducting the research in the most appropriate way. Researcher uses Positivism research philosophy in conducting the research for factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. This particular research philosophy enables increased effectiveness and error minimization (Neuman and Robson 2012). On the contrary, research philosophies show the ways in case of validation of a given topic. Positivism gains ensuring scientific knowledge for some assumptions for the topic on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. This involves variety of justifications for presenting propositions in the near future. Research Approach The second layer in the research onion is the research approach. Research Approach provides proper explanation for an edge of discussion for the topic on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent (Miller et al. 2012). It mainly ensures clear understanding on the validation on the current study on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. There are two broad classification of research approach named as Deductive approach and Inductive approach. Deductive approach works from more general to specific. This is known as top-down approach. Deductive approach is mainly consistent in way of developing theory as well as testing with the help of research. Arguments are mainly based n laws, accepted principles as well as rules used for Deductive reasoning (Matthews and Ross 2014). Deductive approach is one of the research approaches that involve application on given topic on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. This particular approach aims at maintaining relationship between research outcomes at the time of conducting research. Addition to that, it helps in ensuring required convenience as well as accumulated data usage on models and theories on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent (Walter and Andersen 2013). On the contrary, inductive approach helps in generation of models for getting authentic information on factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. This particular approach evaluates the production results in an empirical form. Inductive reasoning mainly works like other way like deductive from specific to general in case of broader generalizations as well as theories (Mackey and Gass 2015). It is informally refers as bottom-up approach as well as conclusion based on premises involving high degree of uncertainty. Justification of using Deductive Research Approach Researcher uses deductive approach in the present study at the time of conducting the research. Researchers refer to the existing strategies and theories for applying in the current study for factor affecting of the high expenditure customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in a Hong Kong travel agent. Researchers will make use of findings of data of previous research works by authors (Green, Camilli and Elmore 2012). This will help researcher in reaching proper outcome for the particular research work. Research Strategies The third layer in the research onion is the research strategies. It uses different research methods for investigating the research question as well as aims at the same time. Some of the popular methods used for research strategies are as follows: Experiment- It is one of the classical forms of research that mainly owes towards natural sciences. It includes definition of theoretical approaches as well as selection and allocation of variables. It has limited control over the variables (Gast and Ledford 2014). Survey- This is one of the research method including questionnaires as well as statistical surveys for gathering data regarding people and thoughts and behaviours. Case Study- This is one of the interesting strategy in conducting research for conducting in-depth study of single as well as group and community (Walter and Andersen 2013). Action Research- This is one of the reflective process for progressive problem solving leading by individuals working with other related teams for improving the issues as far as possible. Grounded Theory- It is one of the systematic qualitative research methodology especially in social sciences emphasizing mainly on generalization of theory. Ethnography- It is the study as well as cultural process by using multiple ways for researching as well as observing people, events and artifacts (Walter and Andersen 2013). Justification for using survey method In the present study, researchers uses survey method for conducting the research in the most appropriate way. Questionnaire is distributed to customers of travel agency in Hong Kong. Research Choices The forth layer in research onion is the research onions. It mainly includes three major methods like: Mono method- This particular method considers for the research for using single data collection techniques as well as corresponding analysis. This method rejects in favour of mixed methods using qualitative and quantitative techniques (Gast and Ledford 2014). Mixed Method- This particular method considers as field of inquiry using both qualitative as well as quantitative methods for answering research questions in single study. It is considered as mixed because it uses both quantitative as well as qualitative techniques (Walter and Andersen 2013). Justification for using mixed method in research choices In this present study, mixed method is used as it takes into consideration both qualitative as well as quantitative techniques. It aims at combining research questions, analytical approaches as well as data collection procedures and conclusions at the same time (Flick 2015). This particular research has the ability to unite exploratory as well as confirmation research. It mainly allows in generating as well as testing theory for similar studies. Describe the measures of Demographic variables These are the variables characterizes of subjects as collected for describing the sample. It is also known as sample characteristics. It mainly describe study sample and determine if particular sample are representative of population of interest. It is difficult to manipulate demographic variables by the researcher. Researchers aim at explaining the relationship between demographic variables as well as dependent variables. Some of the common demographic variables are age, gender as well as occupation and marital status of the population. Usage variables Independent variable- Perceived value, brand image, customer satisfaction and word of mouth communication Dependent variable- Customer satisfaction and customer loyalty From the above variables, it is easy to understand the fact that factors influencing expenditure assumes to be independent variables. On the contrary, customer satisfaction as well as loyalty depends upon the above-mentioned variables in the most appropriate way. Research variables It is important to understand the fact that main purpose of research requires describing as well as explain the variance in the present study. It is the difference occurring naturally in the world as well as creating resulted manipulation at the same time. These are the names given to variance for determining the factors affecting high expenditure in understanding the customer satisfaction and loyalty in Hong Kong travel agent. It is important to understand variables by the researchers as they are considered as the basic units of information interpreted in research studies. Researchers require in analyzing as well as interpreting values of each variable in the descriptive study in particular experiment. Describe the questionnaire design including Structure of questionnaire Questionnaire is prepared using open and closed-ended questions that will be asked to the recipients. Process of pilot testing the questionnaire Data analysis is completed based on the information collected from primary research. In this particular study, pilot study will be done, 10 questionnaires will be sending for ensuring questionnaire is clear and understandable by other recipients. After particular questions are fixed then it will be passes the pilot test. Then, questionnaire will be send to 30 recipients after 30 questionnaire are done (Bolger and Laurenceau 2013). After that, reliability test will be conducted by using SPSS 22.0 software. It confirms each variable that are consistence with the related questions. The Cronbachs Alpha Index will be over 0.7 and passed after the reliability test. Questionnaire will be send to all possible random selected customers. Discussing the sampling design Secondary resources will also be used in this research. Secondary data will be collected from travel magazine, website journal, Government official as well as certain theories on customer satisfaction and retention strategies (Bryman and Bell 2014). These strategies can be further analyzed, as they may be helpful for increasing the number of customers who shows interest in travelling. Definition of population Questionnaire will be sent to 150 customers of the total population. Sampling method Gathered information is presented in terms of mathematical models as well as statistical calculations and pie charts. In this particular research, there will be usage of descriptive statistics for data analysis. Descriptive data uses various statistical measures such as median, mean as well as standard deviation showing in pie chart. Research hypothesis will use SPSS 22.0 software for performing regression as well as correlation. Regression analysis helps in estimating the relationship between variables (Blumberg, Cooper and Schindler 2014). Dependent variables are customer loyalty as well as customer satisfaction. There are three broad classifications on the qualitative methods under content analysis. This involves comparison as well as counting of content and keywords at the same time (Billig and Waterman 2014). Figure: Research Hypothesis (Source: Created by Author) Determination of sampling size Questionnaire will be distributed to 150 customers of travel agency in Hong Kong. Data collection process Data can be collected using primary as well as secondary research. In case of primary data, questionnaire will be distributed to 150 customers of travel agency in Hong Kong. Collection of data will be done with the help of using random sampling technique. In this particular research, random will be used at the time of conducting the research. This would be less time consuming as well as less biasness as a result (Clark and Creswell 2014). Primary data collection will help travel agent for understanding the customer preferences who can actually afford high expenditure for travelling purposes. Data analysis procedure Secondary data are collected from authentic online sites as well as official data where the information will be mentioned regarding customer satisfaction and growth of travel agencies (Brinkmann 2014). Researchers also pay attention and have a look over the previous papers by previous researchers. Secondary data have mostly higher authority as well as quick access. Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics means data analysis describing patterns that emerges data in the most appropriate way. It mainly allows researchers in analyzing the study and reaching to conclusions in relation with hypothesis. Correlation analysis Correlation aims at analyzing positive or negative relationship among the given variables. Independent variables in this research are perceived value, word of mouth communication as well as brand image and customer satisfaction. Correlation analysis uses variables having positive and negative relationships. In case of qualitative analysis, it will be analyzed with the help of content analysis. Regression analysis Regression analysis is use with the help of software. In this particular research SPSS software is used for conducting the present study analysis. Summary This particular chapter summarizes the research methodology used by the researcher at the time of conducting particular research work. It explains the various research philosophies, approaches as well as design for conducting the particular research. Researchers use both primary as well as secondary data for conducting the present research. The particular research paper can be used as secondary form of data sources as far as future research is concerned. Future research can be done whereby travel agencies can incorporate strategies for further development as well as increase in the sale of products. There can be even exploring over new areas for research as well as way of promotions for detailed analysis Researchers should try hard in carrying out the research work in ethical ways. Conduction of research should be carried out truthfully as well as correct data usage for completing the research. Primary as well as secondary data should be collected at the time of conducting this resea rch (Archer et al. 2015). Research work might be cancelled if researchers fail to use ethical methods for carrying out the research work. Future researchers should carry out different research based upon similar topics. Future researchers have chance in taking into considerations customers who majorly opts for budgeted tour plans (Anfara and Mertz 2014). It is important to understand regarding customer satisfaction among customers who have limited budget for any kind of tour plans. Researchers should use innovative ways of increasing number of customer for the business enterprise. Researcher has taken one travel agency as well as carried out the research work for investigating the theme of customer satisfaction. Therefore, it is essential to gather various perspectives from the customer who avails packages from other related travel agencies for getting better idea of theme of customer satisfaction and travel agencies in Hong Kong (Silverman 2016). In case of secondary research, rese archers should not use any unethical means for retrieving the data especially from online sites. Most of the researchers upload their research work on online sites. Researchers sometimes do not want their work in case of public usages as well as have blocked access on those specific papers by other user. Online sites asks user for paying certain amount of money for getting access to the sites or papers (Anfara and Mertz 2014). Researchers pays desired amount and then make use of authentic websites for gathering data. Many sites have interview with managers of the company who gave their personal view over subjective matter. Researchers can make use of some valid points as mentioned in the interviews for research purpose as well as should not used for any kind of unethical purposes. In case of primary research, researchers take proper care that the research participants should not face any kind of problem at answering the questions. Researchers are advisable to take care of environment as well as place of the interview. Researcher should make arrangement for conducting constant medical monitoring at the interview place for any kind of medical help. Researchers should take prior consent of the participants of whether they show interest in taking part in the research work. Research participant need to sign and provide their consent for taking part in the research work. Researchers carry out the work after the participants duly sign the form. Research purpose as well as publication place are clearly mentioned to the research participants (Anfara and Mertz 2014). It is important for the researcher to assure the participants that their feedback will not be used for any kind of unethical purpose. Participants even have choice to leave the projects at any time if they are not comfortable with the interview process. Therefore, it can be seen that the researcher carries out primary as well as secondary research in ethical ways. Steps taken by the researcher will help in preventing any kind of issues at later stage of research work (Walter and Andersen 2013). Reference List Anfara Jr, V.A. and Mertz, N.T. eds., 2014. Theoretical frameworks in qualitative research. Sage publications. Archer, M., Sharp, R., Stones, R. and Woodiwiss, T., 2015. Critical realism and research methodology. Alethia. Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014. Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Blumberg, B.F., Cooper, D.R. and Schindler, P.S., 2014. Business research methods. McGraw-hill education. Bolger, N. and Laurenceau, J.P., 2013. Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research (Methodology in the social sciences). Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview (pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2014. Research Methodology: Business and Management Contexts. Clark, V.L.P. and Creswell, J.W., 2014. Understanding research: A consumer's guide. Pearson Higher Ed. Flick, U., 2015. Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014. Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014. Single case research methodology. Green, J.L., Camilli, G. and Elmore, P.B., 2012. Handbook of complementary methods in education research. Routledge. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Matthews, B. and Ross, L., 2014. Research methods. Pearson Higher Ed. Miller, T., Birch, M., Mauthner, M. and Jessop, J. eds., 2012. Ethics in qualitative research. Sage. Neuman, W.L. and Robson, K., 2012. Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Panneerselvam, R., 2014. Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Pickard, A., 2012. Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Reynolds, D., Creemers, B., Nesselrodt, P.S., Shaffer, E.C., Stringfield, S. and Teddlie, C. eds., 2014. Advances in school effectiveness research and practice. Elsevier. Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage. Skinner, D., 2015. Qualitative methodology: an introduction. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Walter, M. and Andersen, C., 2013. Indigenous statistics: A quantitative research methodology. Left Coast Press.

Slave Trade and Colonialism free essay sample

The Atlantic Slave Trade and Colonialism The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began when Portuguese interests in Africa moved away from the legendary deposits of gold to a much more readily available commodity slaves, around the mid-fifteenth century. The plantation economies of the New World were built on slave labor. Seventy percent of the slaves brought to the new world were used to produce sugar, the most labor-intensive crop. The rest were employed harvesting coffee, cotton, and tobacco, and in some cases in mining.By the seventeenth century the trade was in full swing, and at its height towards the end of the eighteenth century. It was a trade which was especially fruitful, since every stage of the journey could be profitable for merchants the infamous Triangular Trade. The first stage of the Triangular Trade involved taking manufactured goods from Europe to Africa: cloth, spirit, tobacco, beads, metal goods, and guns. The guns were used to help expand empires and obtain more slaves (until they were finally used against European colonizers). We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Trade and Colonialism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These goods were exchanged for African slaves. The second stage of the Triangular Trade (the middle passage) involved shipping the slaves to the Americas. Life aboard the slave ships was relentlessly oppressive: Between 10- 20% (around 2. 2 million) slaves died during the transportation. These deaths were due to dehydration, unhygienic conditions, and epidemics of smallpox and over tight packing as the slaves were placed together like books upon a shelf. Starvation was also one of the causes of death as supplies just simply ran out. Slaves aboard the ships would have suffered sever psychological as well as physical trauma.Slaves were chained together, often to those who had already died; they were unable to exercise, were fed from communal bowls and provided with minimal sanitation. The brutality aboard was too awful for words captives endured daily beatings, female slaves were raped and maybe the worst of all was the murder of helpless innocent children born aboard the ship they were merely tossed over the side. The third, and final, stage of the Triangular Trade involved the return to Europe with the produce from the slave-labor plantations: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum.The number of voyages to Africa made between 1695 and 1807 from each of the main European ports that were involved in the slave trade was: Liverpool: 5,300 London: 3,100 Bristol: 2,200 Other European ports: 450 In the early asses most of Britain s slave merchants were from London and Bristol. However, Liverpool merchants were increasingly involved and from about 1 740 were outstripping their rivals. Although London, Bristol and other ports continued to send ships to Africa, Liverpool dominated the trade until its abolition in 1807.Indeed Liverpool was the European port most involve d in slaving during the 18th century. Its thought that over 40,000 African slaves were transported by Liverpool vessels. By 1792 Liverpool was firmly established as the leading slave port, with 131 sailings in that year alone. There were five main ways that Liverpool made money from slavery, 1 . The building and repair of slave ships 2. Slave trading, 3. Slave produced goods -? cotton, sugar etc 4. Production of exportable goods- pottery etc 5. Insuring and financing the above operations and industries. Liverpool success did not all come from slavery, but it did bring a lot of money to the town. Towns in northwest and central England supplied Liverpool with goods, and so also benefited from the trade. Although it is estimated that slavery generated a staggering EYE million in Liverpool in one year alone. In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century that would have been wealth on a scale only equaled today in the City of Loons money markets. The slaves were not brought directly to Liverpool; they were just one part of a triangle. Manufactured goods were shipped from Liverpool to Guiana.These cargoes Were exchanged for slaves who Were then taken direct to the West Indies and sold. Nearly all the leading people in Liverpool, including many of the towns mayors, were involved with the slave trade. Several Liverpool MSP invested money and supported the trade in Parliament. It was highly unpopular to speak out against the slave trade. William Rose and William Rotenone were two of the few who did. Rose went further and joined with the Quakers, and the political leaders like Fox and the political reformer, William Wildflower, to challenge the slavery laws.In 1787 and 1 788 he published tracts and poems attacking the inhumanity and evil of slavery. In his poem The Wrongs of Africa are lines which retain their strength and poignancy to this day: Blush ye not, to boast your equal laws, Your just restraints, your rights defended, your liberties secured, Whilst with an iron hand ye crushed to earth the helpless African; And bid him drink that cup of sorrow, Which yourselves have dashed, indignant, From Oppressions fainting grasp? (Chandler, 1992) Africans didnt just sit back and simply watch the horror which was unfolding there was great resistance. Ships records have uncovered many accounts of slaves rising up against their captors refusing to do what was asked of them, committing suicide, and once captives reached their destination and learned or their fate many attempted escapes. In letters written by the Imagining, Amazing Mamba Fanons, to the King Jiao the 3rd Of Portugal, he writes: Each day the traders are kidnapping our people children of this country, sons of our nobles and vassals, even people of our own family. This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated.We need in this kingdom only priests and schoolteachers, and no merchandise, unless it is wine and flour for Mass. It is our wish that this Kingdom not be a place for the trade or transport of slaves. Many of our subjects eagerly lust after Portuguese merchandise that your subjects have brought into our domains. To satisfy this inordinate appetite, they seize many of our black free subjects. They sell them. After having taken these prisoners [to the coast] secretly or at night .. As soon as the captives are in the hands of white men they are branded with a red-hot iron. Historian Walter Rodney has argued that at the start of the slave trade in the 1 6th century, even though there was a technological gap between Europe and Africa, it was not very substantial. Both continents were using Iron Age technology. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. During the period of slavery the populations of Europe and the Americas grew while the population of Africa remained stagnant. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas.Based On earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas. He cited examples such as the invention of the steam engine by James Watt, which was funded by plantation owners from the Caribbean. (Rodney, 1 981 ) Eric Williams has attempted to show the contribution of Africans on the basis of profits from the slave trade and slavery, and the employment of those profits to finance Englands industrialization process.He argues that the enslavement of Africans was an essential element to the Industrial Revolution, and that European wealth is a result of slavery. However, he argued that by the time of its abolition it had lost its profitability and it was in Britains economic interest to ban it. (Williams, 1964) By 1835, Europeans had mapped most of northwest ern Africa.

Free Essays on Bystander Apahy

Bystander Apathy By: Kee As you wait to cross the street, a blind man is standing in front of you. Without warning, he begins to cross the street even though the light has not changed in his favor. He seems to be in no danger until you see a car about a half mile away speeding towards him. Totally unaware of the situation, the man continues walking across the street. As you and many others watch in horror he is struck by the car. Although every single one of you had plenty of time to rescue him, you just watched, hoping that someone else would do it. After all, you don't know him so it's really none of your business. This is what is referred to as "bystander apathy". People close enough to see, hear and possibly touch one another are socially distant and totally indifferent to the fact that another human being may be dying, in immediate danger, or asking for help. This extremely sad urban problem is just that- a problem of cities. The likelihood of this occurring increases with the number of people present a nd it is probable that there will be many people to witness an event when it happens in high density cities. Urban sociologists, social psychologists, and criminologists have argued for years that the size of cities is directly related to the amount of "social pathology" they contain. The legal consequences are not severe. Unless an individual is a certified medical doctor, they have no obligation in Alberta to help anyone in need. So generally, they don't. The personal consequences may be more severe. Feelings of guilt and regret may follow an event, especially if it ends fatally or if the individual feels that they could have done something significant. Because of this, people attempt to convince themselves and others that they were justified in their inaction because "it wasn't their place", "I didn't want to do it alone", or "I didn't want to get involved." Excuses like this often stem from fears of being seen as abnormal... Free Essays on Bystander Apahy Free Essays on Bystander Apahy Bystander Apathy By: Kee As you wait to cross the street, a blind man is standing in front of you. Without warning, he begins to cross the street even though the light has not changed in his favor. He seems to be in no danger until you see a car about a half mile away speeding towards him. Totally unaware of the situation, the man continues walking across the street. As you and many others watch in horror he is struck by the car. Although every single one of you had plenty of time to rescue him, you just watched, hoping that someone else would do it. After all, you don't know him so it's really none of your business. This is what is referred to as "bystander apathy". People close enough to see, hear and possibly touch one another are socially distant and totally indifferent to the fact that another human being may be dying, in immediate danger, or asking for help. This extremely sad urban problem is just that- a problem of cities. The likelihood of this occurring increases with the number of people present a nd it is probable that there will be many people to witness an event when it happens in high density cities. Urban sociologists, social psychologists, and criminologists have argued for years that the size of cities is directly related to the amount of "social pathology" they contain. The legal consequences are not severe. Unless an individual is a certified medical doctor, they have no obligation in Alberta to help anyone in need. So generally, they don't. The personal consequences may be more severe. Feelings of guilt and regret may follow an event, especially if it ends fatally or if the individual feels that they could have done something significant. Because of this, people attempt to convince themselves and others that they were justified in their inaction because "it wasn't their place", "I didn't want to do it alone", or "I didn't want to get involved." Excuses like this often stem from fears of being seen as abnormal...

Early american history Native americans- the awakening essays

Early american history Native americans- the awakening essays Social Structure Amidst the Native Americans No one is quite sure how the Native Americans first came to the Americas but there are two main theories. The first theory is that hunters crossed an Ice bridge that stretched across the Pacific Ocean from Asia to Alaska and discovered a land that could only be described as a hunters paradise. The second theory is that they came by boats and followed the shoreline south until they found a place they wanted to stay. Either way the reasons they stayed were pretty much the same- good land and plentiful food. These people spread over the Americas and started new lives there. While they all had similar origins they all also came up with and perfected customs in their own way. The most diverse groups were the Meso/South Americans and the North Americans. The North Americans had mostly organized themselves into small tribes/Chiefdoms. While some of the communities were democracies, most chose their leaders from the prominent families within the community. The bigger the community was the more likely it was that it would survive. While battles were semi-common wars were not. Fighting chiefdoms sought more to humiliate and take captives than to kill. In fact Chiefdoms could be at war for years and have no casualties. These chiefdoms spread all the way from Alaska to Florida with a total of what was thought to be almost 10 million people living in North America. The Mesoamericans on the other hand was ruled by a group of people known as the ruling class, which made up mostly of priest and wealthy merchants who claimed to have a special affiliation with a certain god. Unlike the North Americans, the Mesoamericans fought a lot, mostly over land and territory expansion. These communities were bigger than the North Americans and when they fought many died in battle. To support themselves the Mesoamericans whose culture focused on agriculture, began to farm and trade with large...

Geopolitics Midterm Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Geopolitics Midterm Exam - Essay Example to the challenges set globally, in regard to various areas such as culture, economy and politics, reveals the key characteristics of geopolitics for the 21st century. According to Huntington ‘the extensive conflicts between nations’ (16) is expected to be a common phenomenon in the near future. Moreover, according to the above researcher, these conflicts would be related mostly to culture and not so much to economic or political interests (Huntington 16). The same trend had also appeared in the long past; then, cultural conflicts were also related to social/ economic differences (Huntington 16). The above view could be verified if checking the behavior of minorities globally: minorities tend to be involved in conflicts mostly for securing their traditions/ ethics (Mikesell and Alexander 585). Often, these groups have not the power to support their rights, due to their limited size, in terms of population; the case of ‘German speakers in Belgium’ (Mikesell and Alexander 585) is an example. In the future, there is no guarantee that even these groups will be involved in conflicts for promoting their rights. From a different point of view, modern state is characterized by limited emphasis on identity. This trend is made clear in the case of European Union. In EU the need for integration is highly valued leading to the limitation of the value of national identity in regard to member states (Cram 11). On the other hand, due to the expansion of energy paths, the borders of certain regions have become quite valuable for ensuring security and economic development. For example, in the case of EU emphasis is given to the Eastern areas as a natural border with Middle East/ Asia (Murphy 588). In other words, modern geopolitics need to take into consideration ‘peripheries’ (Murphy 588) as being able to play a critical role both in terms of security and of economic growth. Based on the issues discussed above it could be noted that modern state reveals the issues

Million Dollar Invention Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Million Dollar Invention - Scholarship Essay Example I have this belief that each DNA strand in human beings eventually spin off into various functions and develop certain intricacies which dictate if that particular DNA chain will result in a future illness for a person. By following the DNA strands development rather than manipulating it for specific scientific purposes, I believe I will be able to unlock the reasons as to why certain people are predisposed to certain illnesses. I realize that my dream of unlocking the secrets that the human DNA holds in relation to our illnesses may seem laughable at the moment. But take a step back and just think about it. The human DNA is the basis of human life and yet are still merely discovering the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the nitty gritty of how it functions and how it affects our health and well being. Therefore, studying its evolution until it produces an illness is something that will definitely have a positive effect in the development of future health care solutions. After successfully analyzing and segregating the DNA chains by the resulting illnesses, I will then concentrate on developing a medical test that shall successfully identify the DNA markers that each person carries which can tell the medical professional exactly what kind of illnesses the person he is treating shall be prone to. This should effectively eliminate or lessen the existence of certain illnesses since the development of the DNA chain into that particular strand can now be retarded, prevented, or cured. Such a medical discovery shall definitely be far ahead of its time and would definitely result in my names addition to the roster of noted names in the scientific field that have discovered and/or prevented illnesses from happening. More so when the public finds out that I managed to accomplish all of those things with only a million dollars backing my scientific and medical

Promoting the Integration of Therapeutic Touch in Nursing Practice Essay Example for Free

Promoting the Integration of Therapeutic Touch in Nursing Practice Essay 1. Describe the patient group in the study. English speaking adults with Dx of cancer expected to be on the unit the day following the intervention, whose medical conditions did not preclude their ability to comfortably receive TT or participate in the interview, and were able to give informed consent; 34 patient-participants completed the research process (16 women and 18 men), age range of 22 to 77 with an average age of 52 years 2. What was their health problem? Bone marrow transplant Patients. The focus of the study? Explore the experiences of nurses and patients on an inpatient oncology and bone marrow transplant unit when nurses had time preserved for exclusive offering of TT. 3. Who was providing the care? Two staff nurse-interventionists who were experienced and participated in TT education, and three nurse-interviewers who discussed the TT intervention with patient-participants the day following TT treatment. 4. What was the setting for the care? The study was conducted in an academic medical center on a 26 bed hematology/oncology in patient unit with bone marrow transplantation program. 5. What were the findings? 1) TT is a vehicle for comfort, caring, and presence that creates possibility and healing 2) TT invites a shift from disease-state focus to personhood focus that is freeing and reawakens the essence of nursing 3)TT is an intervention that illuminates the transformative power of nursing theory-research-practice. 6. What were the recommendations? Having a complementary nursing strategy, such as TT, that allows nurses an additional way to offering care that facilitates comfort, assists with anxiety reduction, and enhances sleep is of major significance. 7. How practical/useful is this information to a practicing nurse? I am not sure how practical TT is. First, you would have to have additional staff to allow for the time to educate seasoned nurses in TT and then to perform TT on the patients. You would also have to have the support of the administrative staff. However, I do believe that laying on of hands is an effective therapeutic tool. 8. What I wonder is†¦.. would there be a similar outcome in other specialty areas that patients have not had the opportunity to establish a trusting relationship with the nursing staff prior to TT.

Analysis of Debating Democracys The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier? :: Democracy Debates Media Essays

Analysis of Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?"   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Debating Democracy's "The Media: Vast Wasteland or New Frontier?" Jarol Manheim and Douglas Rushkoff present opposing views of the media. Both authors raise the questions of what the media represents and what messages the media tries to send to the public. Is the media's coverage of events just for entertainment value or do the reports have political content and value? Are the viewers capable of distinguishing between the media's glitz and the real facts? Do different sources of the media system actually portray different views and stories? A key question is how typical objective reporting is. If the knowledge can easily be obtained elsewhere, it is possible to conclude with pluralists that citizens have the tools to govern themselves more or less democratically. If, on the other hand, there are serious shortcomings, one might agree with the power elite camp that the people, because they have insufficient meaningful information, wield less power than they could and should.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Manheim claims that the media is not as diverse as it claims to be. He states, Though for competitive purposes they might have us believe otherwise, most American news organizations have a great deal in common with one another . . . they define news itself in essentially the same terms. (Manheim, 1991) He argues that the media entertains the viewers rather than giving them information that is relevant and socially important. Manheim's view about what the mass media system actually does to the news is similar to what W. Lance Bennett lists as the four main media biases: fragmentation, normalization, personalization and dramatization (Bennett, 1996). These biases are described by Manheim as the media system "[rendering] the content of the news less burdensome by packaging it more attractively" (Manheim, 1991).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to Manheim's views, Rushkoff looks at how the viewers are able to use and understand the media's messages. Rather than viewing the media as a mass system composed of the elite who view the public as a commodity, Rushkoff believes that the people strive to shape and understand the world through the messages the media portrays. Furthermore, he claims that the media is merely a reflection of the society that the viewers themselves have created. The viewers have the ability to choose which medium of media they will use (Internet, network, newspaper, etc.). Rushkoff says that the news has now become "interactive" and the people (particularly those under forty) have come to understand the media's symbols better (Rushkoff, 1994).

Financial Analysis of Ted Baker & Burberry Essay

INTRODUCTION Burberry is a global luxury brand offering menswear, womenswear, childrenswear, coats, dresses, shoes, accessories, bags, scarves, beauty and fragrance. The quintessentially British brand was first founded as an outerwear brand, well known for it’s iconic Burberry trench coat and distinct tartan print. The brand has over 497 directly operated stores and concessions operating in 32 countries; and via a third-party distribution network- 70 franchise stores in an additional 28 countries and approximately 1,400 wholesale department and specialty store doors in over 80 countries (as at 31 March 2014). The brand continues to develop its presence in existing and  under-penetrated markets. THE BASICS Burberry was founded by Thomas Burberry in 1855 in Hamphire England and remained an independent company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Studios (GUS). In 2005, GUS divested its remaining interest in Burberry. Burberry Group PLC was initially floated on the London Stock Exchange in July 2002. In 2013/2014, Burberry had a turnover of  £2,330 million (up 16.5% from the previous year), recording a profit before tax of  £461 million (up 7.7% from the previous year). The company employs 9698 employees across 34 countries and is headquartered in London. The accounts are presented in GBP, which is Burberry’s functional currency. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange under the ticker BRBY with a market capitalization of GBP6822.43 Million. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the EU. The accounts have been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP with no reservations. MANAGEMENT CHANGES On the management side, the most significant change is the departure CEO Angela Ahrendt in April 2014 who left Burberry (to join Apple). Ahrendt the CEO since 2006 has lead the successful transformation of the company, tripling revenue three-fold during her tenure. Ahrendt was succeeded by Christopher Bailey, Chief Creative Officer (CCO) who has been with Burberry since 2001. Bailey holds the roles of CEO and CCO and his appointment as CEO is considered a natural progression. Other important changes include, the changes of the CFO and COO, and the appointment of three new non-executive directors. The new board appointments focus on evolving the Board’s relevant skills and competencies for the future under its succession plan. THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT After three years of double digit growth, analyst estimated that the luxury sector growth slowed to 2% in 2013. This was in part due to a slowdown in China (the world’s 4th largest luxury market), in light of government policy changes on gift giving and the Chinese consumer increasingly shifting luxury consumption abroad (which has in turn help drive luxury sales in the rest of Asia and Europe). Whilst Burberry is a luxury brand, note that it’s growing beauty and fragrance lines are â€Å"attainable† luxury and has the capacity for resilience in unfavourable economic conditions. Burberry’s five strategic themes which have sustained its growth during the period include:[1: Claudia D’Arpizio, Bain Report: Luxury Goods Worldwide Market Study Spring 2014 ]

Supply Chain Management system of ‘Aarong’ Essay

1. Introduction: In today’s competitive world of Business competitive advantage can be gain by proper information system and developing that information system. Aarong information system is a sign of the modern business organization of Bangladesh. Supply chain management is the streamlining of a business’ supply-side activities to maximize customer value and to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. Supply chain management (SCM) represents an effort by suppliers to develop and implement supply chains that are as efficient and economical as possible. Supply chains cover everything from production, to product development, to the information systems needed to direct these undertakings. 1.1. Background of the study: Aarong emanated from BRAC’s core mission of alleviating poverty and empowering people. In the 1970s, BRAC was examining any and all possibilities for alternative forms of productive livelihood, especially for women, and the proper commercialization of art and crafts turned out to be a promising option. In December 1978 when BRAC decided to open its own retail outlet under the brand name Aarong, meaning ‘village fair’, it broadened its arms to include other artisans and master craftsmen throughout Bangladesh who were involved in the making of handicrafts for generations, and were finding it extremely difficult to survive in the newly formed country. Ever since then Aarong has been helping to establish market linkages for rural artisans, revive crafts and interpret them for the contemporary marketplace. 1.2. Objective of the Study: The main objective of the report is to find out the supply chain management system of Aarong by using Management information system. The main objectives of these reports are, 1. To know Aarong’s information system 2. To know how they use MIS for supply chain management 3. To know the organizational structure of Aarong 4. To know the product promotion of Aarong 5. To know their office management 6. To know the communication structure of Aarong for the management of supply chain. 1.3. Limitation of the Study: In every research work there exist some limitations that the researcher faces while conducting different activities. In the process of research work, we also come across certain limitations that hampered the actual findings and analysis of our research work. Some of limitations can be identified are: 1. Employees of Aarong are usually busy with their daily work and activities, so it is quite impossible sometime to get time from them for getting information about our report. 2. Sometimes the authority does not provide their internal information which is very difficult to collect from any other sources. 3. This is quite difficult to collect all the data of supply chain management of Arong by using Management Information System. 2. Methodology of the study: Methodology is the life blood of a report. The methodology of these report’s are, 2.1. Data collection technique: 1. Questionnaire: A structured questionnaire was asked to the different people of different areas where the Aarongs super store is situated. 2. Observation: we were visited Aarong’s Mohammadpur Branch and observed their products prices and their shop’s environment. 3. Secondary information: secondary information has collected by reviewing websites, Journals and some other relevant documents. 2.2. Sources of Data Collection: 1. Primary Source: the primary information is gathered through informal interviews of the employees working over there under management level, their salesman who are directly involved with selling product and also observation while visiting the office premises. 2. Secondary Source: Secondary sources had also used to collect information. Secondary sources include: a. Features and articles published in newspapers and other journals. b. Visiting website of Aarong super store. 3. Current Scenario of Aarong: Today, Aarong’s reach has spread from where it started, Manikganj, to the rest of the country. From a single shop, Aarong has grown into one of Bangladesh’s biggest retail chains offering one-stop shopping experience through 10 stores spread across the major Metropolitan areas of the country – in Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna and Sylhet and one in London, UK. Aarong showcases over 100 product categories from clothing to household items, gifts and fashion accessories to children’s toys, ethnic wear to beautiful crafts, from silks, handloom cotton, Endi to Terracotta, bamboo, jute and much more. Aarong also plays the role of protector and promoter of traditional Bangladeshi products and designs. It houses an extensive design library where remnants of our rich craft heritage, such as Nakshikantha art and Jamdani patterns, have been widely researched and archived for present as well as future use. 3.1. Aarong’s Mission: Aarong’s mission is to help sustain rural craftsmanship and find a wider market for their product nationally and internationally. 3.2. Aarong’s Vision: Aarong has one outlet in London and exporting to other countries of North America, Europe and some Asian countries. Because of migrating Bangladeshis in those areas, they are targeting to make more franchising activities in those North American and European region. They basically are targeting those activities after fulfillment the customer demand in domestic market. 3.3. Products of Aarong: Some products picture is given below. 4. Aarong’s Supply Chain: Figure 1: Supply chain system of Aarong Aarong’s supply chain is the movement of materials as they flow from their source to the end customer. The whole supply chain of Aarong includes purchasing, manufacturing, warehousing, transportation, customer service;  demand planning, supply planning and Supply Chain management. It is made up of the employees, activities, information and resources involved in moving a product from Aarong’s supplier to its customer. 4.1. How Aarong’s Supply Chain Management System is build: Aarong’s supply chain management system is a group of things working together. Computers, fax machines, data storage system, operating personals, procedures for the employees and the most vital components of Aarong’s supply chain management system are its telecommunication system. Cell phones helped Aarong to create a communication network with every suppliers and transportation partners across the country. All this components work together to provide information to collect products, manage the suppliers, to provide services, create report etc. Different computer software’s are also used in the supply Chain management of Aarong but the main supply chain management software is developed by Aarong. This software is used for both supply chain planning and to help them to execute the supply chain steps. Aarong has hired trained professionals to operate its supply chain management system and keep updating. Aarong’s supply chain management system can be divided into two systems. Both of this system is vital for Aarong’s business. 1. Supply Chain Planning System and 2. Supply Chain Execution System. 4.2. Supply Chain Planning System: Aarong’s supply chain planning helps Aarong to create a model for its existing supply chain, its helps management to measure demand forecasts for different products and develop a way to find best source for meeting those demands and manufacturing plans. Aarong have turned to their customers for help. By communicating directly with customers about what they want and by getting their feedback on existing products, management are able to more accurately understand the needs and wants of their target audiences. With  this information, they can make a forecast that reflects customer reality. Furthermore, improved technology has of Aarong made it even easier to get their hands on customer feedback. The Website of Aarong for example, makes it possible for organization to communicate with customers in real-time, so they can then use the data immediately in their forecasts. Aarong has developed a central database for all the information and it gives access to suppliers and partners. These technology improvements along with real-time customer feedback have made it possible to more accurately predict revenue, profit, and sales in the near future. More accurate planning means that Aarong can work together with their vendors and distributors to outline a plan that makes sense based on those forecasts so that no one is put into a negative situation. Overall, supply chain planning is a critical component of Aarong’s supply chain management. Without accurate planning abilities, businesses end up cutting into their revenue unnecessarily and possibly putting vendors and distributors into difficult situations that may strain the supply chain relationships in the long run. 4.3. Supply Chain Execution System: Aarong’s supply chain execution system is mainly consists of its transportation partners. They manage the flow of products though distribution centers and warehouses to ensure the products are delivered to the right locations in the most efficient manner. Aarong track the physical status of goods, the Management of materials, warehouses, transportation operations and financial information involving all parties. 4.4. Aarong’s Supply Chain Management Process: 1. Planning: Aarong’s supply chain management planning starts at the top of the management. Management tries to balance out the demand and supply to meet Aarong’s sourcing, production, delivery and return requirements. 2. Sourcing: Aarong has large pool of sources to meets it supply. As the demand requires suppliers come up with raw materials and goods. Then it creates a product which we can exploit. 3. Making: Co-operatives comes up with final goods and they deliver them to  the final processing section of Aarong. The goods or products are ready to use for the customers. 4. Delivering: Aarong’s delivering process is managed by its own transportation. Aarong directly distributes its product to the consumers. Their job is to distribute shipments properly. â€Å"Just-in-time† is followed in delivery process. 5. Returning: Return process is consisting of product returns and post delivery customer support which is done by Aarong. Generally Aarong obtained their products to their consumers within 30days.Its also includes Aarong’s return process. 6. Logistics: Aarong’s top level management plans, supportive relation to their consumers and control of all other factors that have an impact on the supply chain. 4.5. Aarong’s Supply Chain Management Information Flow: Information flows from customers to Employee or from employees to operating personnel in the information system. Then information goes to the floor manager. Floor manager shows it to the consultants of Aarong. Consultant shows it to the top level management of Aarong. Top level orders its suppliers to modify, improve or create product to meet the customer demand. 4.6. Managerial Skills: Aarong has trained operating personnel for its accounting department and website. Operating personnel job is to maintain the information system and repair if any error ever occurs. Aarong’s operating personnel are highly qualified in their job sectors. Aarong’s information system is designed to be employee friendly. Employees do not have to know lot about technology to operate its regular applications. Its information system is very secure. Employees strictly follow all the principled rules. All customers’ orders, addresses or any kind of information is remaining private. Accuracy is practiced and monitored by operating personnel’s. Access of employee information is strictly forbidden. So Aarong has the ability to adjust  technology strategy alignment to accommodate the use of IT and manage business process. The Internet has emerged in the recent past as a dynamic medium for channeling transactions between customers and firms in virtual marketplace. In particular, the World Wide Web has emerged as a powerful new channel for supply chain, rendering many intermediaries obsolete, and drastically revamping the value chain. So Aarong has taken the opportunity to expand its business through net. Aarong’s employees can see as an asset for this kind of expansion. But in our country the growth in e-business seems slow although internet is challenging the traditional supply chain structures that firms have employed to get goods and services to market. Aarong has re-evaluated their value proposition to customers, and meet the challenges of more nimble rivals. Aarong seems to be one of the organization which is interested provide online based order and information system to its customer. So Aarong has a very dazzling managerial skill in internet based supply chain. 4.7. Aarong’s performance improvements by Supply Chain Management: 4.8. Competitive Advantage of Aarong’s Supply Chain Management System: Competitor analysis in marketing is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential competitors. This analysis provides both an offensive and defensive strategic context through which to identify opportunities and threats. Competitor profiling coalesces all of the relevant sources of competitor analysis into one framework in the support of efficient and effective strategy formulation, implementation, monitoring and adjustment. Aarong has its own version of the competitive analysis and its function is clear: to line up your product with other products and show where yours falls short and where yours is superior. Each industry brings a different spin to this old favorite and user experience design has its own set of criteria by which to judge competitors. 5. Graphical Analysis: A structured questionnaire was asked to the different people of different areas where the Aarongs super store is situated. We surveyed this questionnaire of Aarongs employees and gather much information about supply  chain management. On this basis we made some graphical chart for showing some important issue. 5.1. Systems are currently used in Aarong: For the calculation see Table no: 2 at page 19 5.2. Facing the problems below when using these systems: For the calculation see Table no: 2 at page 19 5.3. Competitors Analysis of Aarong: Aarong has competitive advantage over its competitors on almost every factor. Only few companies have ability to chase some sort of advantage like Aarong. Such as qualities and innovativeness, Kay-Kraft and Anjan’s supplier, Rang’s color and Khubsoorti’s cost. Aarong has gain competitive advantage through its supply chain management system. Aarong has a vast network system with its thousands of suppliers and manufacturers which gave Aarong superior production and resource allocation power. Competitors do not have power that can match Aarong’s production capability so they are losing shelves. SCM keeps track of its supplier and its inventory properly so there less costly and hustle free for the employees. Performance of service has increased more than its competitors so there are more satisfied customers of Aarong. 6. Conclusion: There is a reason why Aarong is at the forefront of the urban fashion-scene. Their innovative clothing line fuses ethnic wear with global trends using traditional Bangladeshi materials. Aarong is a support enterprise of BRAC. A significant portion of their earnings are invested towards improving the socio-economic standards of disadvantaged artisans and underprivileged rural women of various communities. Aarong organizational vision will be achieved smoothly and that is the women will be empowered through â€Å"grass-root level women entrepreneur development† and this empowerment will change the overall scenario of economic condition. 7. Recommendations: With multiple stores in Dhaka, Aarong is a leader in superstore retail  organizations. The combination of quality and price under various brand name offers customers value for their money. We have examined and evaluated the operations of Aarong. We recommended the following in to order to ensure continued success for the future of all Marks and Spencer stores. 1. Find alternative sources to marks and Spencer stores abroad. 2. Increased marketing efforts.

CITY OF GLAS essays

CITY OF GLAS essays The image of the screaming child is linked to the death of Daniel Quinns wife and child. The image reoccurs five times within the story once for every year they have been dead. There are several aspects about the drawing that make it important to the story and to understanding the character of Quinn. Firstly the drawing itself is different from the other panels it is the kind of stick figure that a child about the age of Quinns son would drawn. After their death Quinn tried very hard not to think abut them and changed his life in order to remove himself as far as possible from that painful memory. The picture therefore represents his repressed emotions regarding his son. He has denied his feelings for so long that the can only be portrayed as a stick figure. He doesnt allow himself to remember so the image doesnt look life like because he hasnt allowed their deaths to be a real part to his life. Secondly it is interesting that the image is not always the same the third time we see it in the story it is one face among many different images of Quinn be hind bars. This gives us a clue that the figures connected to Quinn and that no matter how hard he tries to change himself it will always be part of him. The fourth time we see the image it is not only screaming but it also looks angry it is as if screaming is not getting Quinns attention and the child is now frustrated and angry. It is also important to note when the image occurs in the story. It appears when Quinn is sleeping. When he lets himself think about his son when he is waiting for Mr. Stillman Senior at the train station, And the last time it occurs Quinn is writing about all the sad destitute people in the world. No matter how hard Quinn tried to hide his feeling he cant control his dreams or stop something from triggering the memory. It does not matter hard he tries to change his life, he cant ge ...

How to Talk About Your Family in Italian

How to Talk About Your Family in Italian While Italians are passionate about a lot of things- food, calcio, fashion, to name a few- family is one of the most important. Since it is such an essential part of Italian culture, you’re  going to be asked about your family when you start to chat with natives, and it’s a great conversation starter. So what specific vocabulary words do you need to know, and which phrases will help the conversation flow smoothly? Basic Vocabulary - Family Members aunt la zia boy il ragazzo brother il fratello brotherinlaw il cognato cousin (female) la cugina cousin (male) il cugino daughter la figlia daughterinlaw la nuora family la famiglia father il padre fatherinlaw il suocero girl la ragazza grandchild il nipote granddaughter la nipote grandfather il nonno grandmother la nonna grandparents i nonni grandson il nipote husband il marito mother la madre motherinlaw la suocera nephew il nipote niece la nipote parents i genitori relative il parente sister la sorella sisterinlaw la cognata son il figlio soninlaw il genero stepfather il patrigno stepmother la matrigna step brother; half brother il fratellastro step sister; half sister la sorellastra uncle lo zio wife la moglie Conversational Phrases A casa tutto bene? - Is everything good at home?A casa here is used as in a figurative way to mean, â€Å"family†.​   Another option is to ask: Come sta la sua famiglia? - How is your family? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Come sta la tua famiglia?† Come stanno i suoi? - How are your (parents)? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Come stanno i tuoi?† FUN FACT: Italians shorten â€Å"i tuoi genitori† to â€Å"i tuoi†, so you can say â€Å"i miei† instead of â€Å"i miei genitori† and sound  more Italian. Ha fratelli o sorelle? - Do you have brothers or sisters? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Hai fratelli o sorelle? Ha dei figli? - Do you have any kids? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Hai dei figli?† Ho due maschi e una femmina. - I have two boys and one girl.Si chiama†¦ - His/her name is...Hai una famiglia numerosa! - You have a big family!Sono figlio unico. - I’m an only child. (male)Sono figlia unica. - I’m an only child. (female)Lei à ¨ sposato/a? - Are you married? If you want to ask informally, you can say, â€Å"Sei sposato/a?†. Use â€Å"sposato†, ending in -o, if you’re asking a male. Use â€Å"sposata,† ending in -a, if you’re asking a female. La mia famiglia viene dalla (Sardegna). - My family is from (Sardegna).Mio figlio si à ¨ appena laureato! - My son just graduated!Vado a trovare la mia famiglia (in Calabria). - I’m going to visit my family (in Calabria).Che lavoro fa (tuo marito)? - What does your husband do for work?Mia madre fa (l’insegnante). - My mother is a (teacher).Dove abita? - Where does he/she live?Le presento (mio marito). -   Let me introduce my husband to you. If you want to say this informally, you can say, â€Å"Ti presento (mia moglie)†. Mi saluti sua moglie! - Say hello to your wife for me! If you want to say this informally, you can say, â€Å"Salutami (tua moglie)!†. Practice Dialogue The best way to learn the language is to see the phrases and the vocabulary in action, so below you’ll find a practice dialogue between two friends who have run into each other on the street. Person 1: Ciao! Come stai? - Hey! How are you?Person 2: Sto bene, e tu? - I’m doing well, and you?Person 1: Tutto a posto, come sta la tua famiglia? - Everything is good, how is your family?Person 2: Sta bene, mia figlia si à ¨ appena laureata! - They are good, my daughter just graduated!Person 1: Complimenti!! E tuo marito? - Congratulations!! And your husband?Person 2: Lavora moltissimo, ma andr in pensione fra un anno. E tua figlia? - He’s working a lot, but he’ll be retiring in a year. And your daughter?Person 1: Giulia? La settimana scorsa ha compiuto sedici anni. - Giulia? Last week she turned 16 years old.Person 2: Davvero? Lei à ¨ cresciuta troppo in fretta! - Really? She grew up too fast!Person 1: Lo so, à ¨ cosà ¬. Allora, devo andare, à ¨ stato bello vederti, a presto! - I know, that’s how it is. Well, I’ve got to go, it was great to see, talk soon!Person 2: A presto! - Talk soon!

Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Organizational Leadership - Essay Example This argument further leads us to the role of emotions in leading the organizations and how leadership, coping with the emotions, can carve out success for the organization on the competitive arena. This also important because of the fact that following shame and other emotions, leadership can effectively help organizations to the face the reality not about themselves but of their competition too. The argument regarding the shame within the organizational context is also important in the sense that shame has the tendency to motivate organizations to hide their vulnerabilities therefore making them weaker by avoiding truth about themselves. A good leader therefore needs to have the guts and the courage to face reality about the present circumstances of the organization which he or she is leading. The role of emotions and shame within the context of leadership therefore encompasses many different variables such as the role of the leader in organization and the personality of the leader and how the leadership can help achieve the realization for the organization to face the reality about itself. In order to explore the question of where does the leadership come from, it is necessary to understand the actual meaning and structure of leadership. In psychology the phenomenon of leadership has traditionally been associated with in-group dynamics of social interactions. In any group, regardless of its size, members differ in their degree of social influence over one another: " the person who exerts the most influence on the rest of the group thus affecting group beliefs and behaviour is usually addressed as leader" (Hollander, 1985: 14). This definition of leadership allows the reader to grasp the essence of leadership, but it is only one of the numerous of definitions that have been proposed in the literature. Thus, the second edition of The Handbook of Leadership by Bass lists more than 130 definitions of leadership (Bass, 1985: 12). Absence of agreement amongst the scholars is partially due to different methods employed to explore the phenomenon, partially due to the different objectives pursued by scholars who define leadership, and partially due to the variations in theoretical approaches. Thus, Bass (1985) specifies 13 major approaches: leadership as the focus of group processes, as personality attribute, as the art of inducing compliance, as an exercise of influence, as a particular kind of act or behaviour, as a form of persuasion, as a power relationship, as an instrument of goal achievement, as an emerging effect of group interaction ('leadership exists when it is acknowledged or conferred by other members of the group), as a differentiated role, as the initiation or maintenance of role structure, or as some combination of all these approaches (pp. 6-10). One of the earliest approaches to understanding leadership was to search for personality traits that caused some people and not others to become leaders. As a result, early definitions (beginning and first half of the 20th century) tended to view leadership as an innate personal quality of the leader, in line with such highly individual qualities as sense of humour, persistence, or piety. Following this tradition, researchers specified certain traits that made leaders. Some of these were

Envalue the Auditor Independence Provisions Essay

Envalue the Auditor Independence Provisions - Essay Example The audit committee and the Charter of Audit usually offers independence of code of ethics and management of the company which assist in guiding the clients, third parties or suppliers on theories and concepts of independence (Federation of European Accountants, 2013). The independence of external auditors signifies freedom from those parties that have increase in the consequence published in the financial statement of the entity. The external auditors should be supported by the Audit committee of the company, and reference should be drawn from the public accounting codes and standards. The external and internal concerns are complicated when the nominally self-regulating divisions of the company offer consulting and auditing services. In order to solve this complication, Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002 is a legal solution. In case of statutory audit the most significant principle is regarded as objectivity. Before considering any non-assurance or assurance engagement, audit or en tering into any relationship with the client, the auditor should consider all the threats to their independence that might hinder principle of objectivity (ICISA, 2004). Regulations in the European Union There are various regulations within EU in relation to auditor independence. The major enforcement in case of auditor independence is directed through the Companies Act of 1985, and Companies Act of 1989. The Companies Act of 1985 states that it the accountability of the shareholders to appoint auditors rather than the directors at the annual general meeting. This theory has been stated so that the directors cannot influence the auditors by... This essay summarises the concepts, that are used today in the legal regulatory framework, and identifies the conceptual framework of auditor’s independence. Apart from this the regulations for auditor independence that also are discussed in the essay by the researcher, with respect to European Union, as this will assist in analysing how the auditors can keep their personal interest aside and focus towards an unbiased and flawless audit report. Audit firms and auditor must maintain their independence for the reports of the auditors to be free from any external, personal and organisational impairment. There are various ideas and assumptions present regarding the future development of auditing in context of independence. In US the audit control procedure states that the audit reports should be reviewed by another company once in three years. The researcher mentiones that this essay discussed all those factors which were enough to discuss how auditors can keep aside their persona l objectives and interests in order to support the quotes that have been mentioned at the beginning of this study. Auditors today are like examiners who check the annual performance of the companies in order to assist them in forecasting and decisions making. However, the researcher also concluds that if code of ethics and laws are not followed, then companies would function on wrong guidelines, and there are many examples that can be drawn from the recent financial crisis to describe how faulty judgement can lead to bankruptcy.

LAW ASSESSED WORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

LAW ASSESSED WORK - Essay Example If we apply this by analogy to the current scenario, David was entering into contractual negotiations with Golden Antiques on behalf of White Hall Limited. Therefore, in order for there to be a valid contract, David will have to have capacity and authority to bind the company in such contracts (McIntyre, 2008). Sections 39-40 of the Companies Act 2006 (CA) regulate authority to negotiate on behalf of companies. Section 39(1) of the CA provides that â€Å"the validity of any act done by a company shall not be called into question on the ground of lack of capacity by reason of anything in the company’s constitution.† In addition, section 40(1) of the CA stipulates that â€Å"In favour of a person dealing with a company in good faith, the power of the board of directors to bind the company, or authorise others to do so, shall be deemed to be free of any limitation under the company’s constitution†. Moreover, section 40(2) of the CA implements a provision that as regards third parties negotiating with a company, there will be a presumption of good faith. As such, the CA provisions do not require third parties to enquire as to whether there are any restrictions on the authority of the board to enter into a contract. Accordingly, if we apply this to the current scenario, unless Golden Antiques were put on notice that David did not have appropriate authority, there will be a presumption that David had capacity to negotiate and conclude the contract with Golden Antiques on behalf of White Halls Limited. Therefore, the fundamental issue will be whether the legal requirements for an enforceable contract have been complied with. The law of contract provides a tripartite test for determining a legally binding contract, which is offer, valid acceptance and consideration. For example, in New Zealand Shipping Co Limited v A M Satterthwaite, The Eurymedon ([1975]) AC 154

Time Management Essay Example for Free

Time Management Essay Time Management skills are essential for successful people these are the practical techniques which have helped the leading people in business, sport and public service reach the pinnacles of their careers. The 80:20 Rule This is neatly summed up in the Pareto Principle, or the 80:20 Rule. This argues that typically 80% of unfocussed effort generates only 20% of results. The remaining 80% of results are achieved with only 20% of the effort. While the ratio is not always 80:20, this broad pattern of a small proportion of activity generating non-scalar returns recurs so frequently as to be the norm in many areas. If you work for an organization, calculate how much you cost it each year. Include your salary, payroll taxes, the cost of office space you occupy, equipment and facilities you use, expenses, administrative support, etc. If you are self-employed, work the annual running costs of your business. If you work normal hours, you will have approximately 200 productive days each year. If you work 7 ½ hours each day, this equates to 1,500 hours in a year. From these figures, calculate an hourly rate. This should give a reasonable estimate of how much your time is worth this may be a surprisingly large amount When you are deciding whether or not to take a task on, think about this value are you wasting your or your organizations resources on a low yield task? ________________________________________ Personal Time Management for Busy Managers by Gerard M Blair Time passes, quickly. This article looks at the basics of Personal Time Management and describes how the Manager can assume control of this basic resource. The Eff words The three Eff words are [concise OED]: †¢Effective having a definite or desired effect †¢Efficient productive with minimum waste or effort †¢Effortless   seemingly without effort; natural, easy Personal Time Management is about winning the Eff words: making them apply to you and your daily routines. What is Personal Time Management? Personal Time Management is about controlling the use of your most valuable (and undervalued) resource. Consider these two questions: what would happen if you spent company money with as few safeguards as you spend company time, when was the last time you scheduled a review of your time allocation? The absence of Personal Time Management is characterized by last minute rushes to meet dead-lines, meetings which are either double booked or achieve nothing, days which seem somehow to slip unproductively by, crises which loom unexpected from nowhere. This sort of environment leads to inordinate stress and degradation of performance: it must be stopped. Poor time management is often a symptom of over confidence: techniques which used to work with small projects and workloads are simply reused with large ones. But inefficiencies which were insignificant in the small role are ludicrous in the large. You can not drive a motor bike like a bicycle, nor can you manage a supermarket-chain like a market stall. The demands, the problems and the payoffs for increased efficiency are all larger as your responsibility grows; you must learn to apply proper techniques or be bettered by those who do. Possibly, the reason Time Management is poorly practised is that it so seldom forms a measured part of appraisal and performance review; what many fail to foresee, however, is how intimately it is connected to aspects which do. Personal Time Management has many facets. Most managers recognize a few, but few recognize them all. There is the simple concept of keeping a well ordered diary and the related idea of planned activity. But beyond these, it is a tool for the systematic ordering of your influence on events, it underpins many other managerial skills such as Effective Delegation and Project Planning. Personal Time Management is a set of tools which allow you to: eliminate wastage be prepared for meetings refuse excessive workloads monitor project progress allocate resource (time) appropriate to a tasks importance ensure that long term projects are not neglected plan each day efficiently plan each week effectively and to do so simply with a little self-discipline. Since Personal Time Management is a management process just like any other, it must be planned, monitored and regularly reviewed. In the following  sections, we will examine the basic methods and functions of Personal Time Management. Since true understanding depends upons experience, you will be asked to take part by looking at aspects of your own work. If you do not have time to this right now ask yourself: why not? Current Practice What this article is advocating is the adoption of certain practices which will give you greater control over the use and allocation of your primary resource: time. Before we start on the future, it is worth considering the present. This involves the simplistic task of keeping a note of how you spend your time for a suitably long period of time (say a week). I say simplistic since all you have to do is create a simple table, photocopy half-a-dozen copies and carry it around with you filling in a row every time you change activity. After one week, allocate time (start as you mean to go on) to reviewing this log. Waste Disposal We are not looking here to create new categories of work to enhance efficiency (that comes later) but simply to eliminate wastage in your current practice. The average IEE Chartered Engineer earns about 27,000 pounds per annum: about 12.50 pounds per hour, say 1 pound every 5 minutes; for how many 5 minute sections of your activity would you have paid a pound? The first step is a critical appraisal of how you spend your time and to question some of your habits. In your time log, identify periods of time which might have been better used. There are various sources of waste. The most common are social: telephone calls, friends dropping by, conversations around the coffee machine. It would be foolish to eliminate all non-work related activity (we all need a break) but if its a choice between chatting to Harry in the afternoon and meeting the next pay-related deadline Your time log will show you if this is a problem and you might like to do something about it before your boss does. In your time log, look at each work activity and decide objectively how much time each was worth to you, and compare that with the time you actually spent on it. An afternoon spent polishing an internal memo into a Pulitzer prize winning piece of provocative prose is waste; an hour spent debating the leaving present of a colleague is waste; a minute spent sorting out the paper-clips is waste (unless relaxation). This type of activity will be reduced naturally by  managing your own time since you will not allocate time to the trivial. Specifically, if you have a task to do, decide before hand how long it should take and work to that deadline then move on to the next task. Another common source of waste stems from delaying work which is unpleasant by finding distractions which are less important or unproductive. Check your log to see if any tasks are being delayed simply because they are dull or difficult. Time is often wasted in changing between activities. For this reason it is useful to group similar tasks together thus avoiding the start-up delay of each. The time log will show you where these savings can be made. You may want then to initiate a routine which deals with these on a fixed but regular basis. Doing Subordinates Work Having considered what is complete waste, we now turn to what is merely inappropriate. Often it is simpler to do the job yourself. Using the stamp machine to frank your own letters ensures they leave by the next post; writing the missing summary in the latest progress report from your junior is more pleasant than sending it back (and it lets you choose the emphasis). Rubbish! Large gains can be made by assigning secretarial duties to secretaries: they regularly catch the next post, they type a lot faster than you. Your subordinate should be told about the missing section and told how (and why) to slant it. If you have a task which could be done by a subordinate, use the next occasion to start training him/her to do it instead of doing it yourself you will need to spend some time monitoring the task thereafter, but far less that in doing it yourself. Doing the work of Others A major impact upon your work can be the tendency to help others with theirs. Now, in the spirit of an open and harmonious work environment it is obviously desirable that you should be willing to help out but check your work log and decide how much time you spend on your own work and how much you spend on others. For instance, if you spend a morning checking the grammar and spelling in the training material related to you last project, then that is waste. Publications should do the proofreading, that is their job, they are better at it than you are; you should deal at the technical level. The remaining problem is your manager. Consider what periods in your  work log were used to perform tasks that your manager either repeated or simply negated by ignoring it or redefining the task, too late. Making your manager efficient is a very difficult task, but where it impinges upon your work and performance you must take the bull by the horns (or whatever) and confront the issue. Managing your manager may seem a long way from Time Management but no one impacts upon your use of time more than your immediate superior. If a task is ill defined seek clarification (is that a one page summary or a ten page report?). If seemingly random alterations are asked in your deliverables, ask for the reasons and next time clarify these and similar points at the beginning. If the manager is difficult, try writing a small specification for each task before beginning it and have it agreed. While you can not tactfully hold your manager to this contract if he/she has a change of mind, it will at least cause him/her to consider the issues early on, before you waste your time on false assumptions. External Appointments The next stage of Personal Time Management is to start taking control of your time. The first problem is appointments. Start with a simple appointments diary. In this book you will have (or at least should have) a complete list of all your known appointments for the foreseeable future. If you have omitted your regular ones (since you remember them anyway) add them now. Your appointments constitute your interaction with other people; they are the agreed interface between your activities and those of others; they are determined by external obligation. They often fill the diary. Now, be ruthless and eliminate the unnecessary. There may be committees where you can not productively contribute or where a subordinate might be (better) able to participate. There may be long lunches which could be better run as short conference calls. There may be interviews which last three times as long as necessary because they are scheduled for a whole hour. Eliminate the wastage starting today. The next stage is to add to your diary lists of other, personal activity which will enhance your use of the available time. Consider: what is the most important type of activity to add to your diary? No:- stop reading for a moment and really, consider. The single most important type of activity is those which will save you time: allocate time to save time, a stitch in time saves days. And most importantly of all,  always allocate time to time management: at least five minutes each and every day. For each appointment left in the diary, consider what actions you might take to ensure that no time is wasted: plan to avoid work by being prepared. Thus, if you are going to a meeting where you will be asked to comment on some report, allocate time to read it so avoiding delays in the meeting and increasing your chances of making the right decision the first time. Consider what actions need to be done before AND what actions must be done to follow-up. Even if the latter is unclear before the event, you must still allocate time to review the outcome and to plan the resulting action. Simply mark in your diary the block of time necessary to do this and, when the time comes, do it. Scheduling Projects The most daunting external appointments are deadlines: often, the handover of deliverables. Do you leave the work too late? Is there commonly a final panic towards the end? Are the last few hectic hours often marred by errors? If so, use Personal Time Management. The basic idea is that your management of personal deadlines should be achieved with exactly the same techniques you would use in a large project: †¢check the specification are you sure that you agree on what is to be delivered †¢break the task down into small sections so that you can estimate the time needed for each, and monitor progress †¢schedule reviews of your progress (e.g. after each sub-task) so that you can respond quickly to difficulties Like most management ideas, this is common sense. Some people, however, refute it because in practise they find that it merely shows the lack of time for a project which must be done anyway. This is simply daft! If simple project planning and time management show that the task can not be done, then it will not be done but by knowing at the start, you have a chance to do something about it. An impossible deadline affects not only your success but also that of others. Suppose a product is scheduled for release too soon because you agree to deliver too early. Marketing and Sales will prepare customers to expect the product showing why they really need it but it will not arrive. The customers will be dissatisfied or even lost, the competition will have advanced warning, and all because you agreed to do the impossible. You can avoid this type of problem. By practising time management, you will always have a clear understanding of how you spend your time and what time is  unallocated. If a new task is thrust upon you, you can estimate whether it is practical. The project planning tells you how much time is needed and the time management tells you how much time is available. There are four ways to deal with impossible deadlines: †¢Get the deadline extended †¢Scream for more resources †¢Get the Deliverable redefined to something practical †¢State the position clearly so that your boss (and his/her boss) have fair warning If this simple approach seems unrealistic, consider the alternative. If you have an imposed, but unobtainable, deadline and you accept it; then the outcome is your assured failure. Of course, there is a fifth option: move to a company with realistic schedules. One defence tactic is to present your superior with a current list of your obligations indicating what impact the new task will have on these, and ask him/her to assign the priorities: I cant do them all, which should I slip?. Another tactic is to keep a data base of your time estimates and the actual time taken by each task. This will quickly develop into a source of valuable data and increase the accuracy of your planning predictions. There is no reason why you should respond only to externally imposed deadlines. The slightly shoddy product which you hand-over after the last minute rush (and normally have returned for correction the following week) could easily have been polished if only an extra day had been available so move your personal deadline forward and allow yourself the luxury of leisured review before the product is shipped. Taking this a step further, the same sort of review might be applied to the product at each stage of its development so that errors and rework time are reduced. Thus by allocating time to quality review, you save time in rework; and this is all part of project planning supported and monitored by your time management. Finally, for each activity you should estimate how much time it is worth and allocate only that amount. This critical appraisal may even suggest a different approach or method so that the time matches the tasks importance. Beware of perfection, it takes too long allocate time for fitness for purpose, then stop. Monitoring Staff Your Personal Time Management also affects other people, particularly your subordinates. Planning projects means not only allocating your time but also the distribution of tasks; and this should be done in the same planned, monitored and reviewed manner as your own scheduling. Any delegated task should be specified with an (agreed) end date. As a Manager, you are responsible for ensuring that the tasks allocated to your subordinates are completed successfully. Thus you should ensure that each task is concluded with a deliverable (for instance, a memo to confirm completion) you make an entry in your diary to check that this has arrived. Thus, if you agree the task for Tuesday, Wednesday should have an entry in your diary to check the deliverable. This simple device allows you to monitor progress and to initiate action as necessary. Long term Objectives There are many long term objectives which the good Manager must achieve, particularly with regard to the development, support and motivation of his/her work-team. Long term objectives have the problem of being important but not urgent; they do not have deadlines, they are distant and remote. For this reason, it is all too easy to ignore them in favour of the urgent and immediate. Clearly a balance must be struck. The beauty of Time Management is that the balance can be decided objectively (without influence from immediate deadlines) and self-imposed through the use of the diary. Simply, a manager might decide that one hour a week should be devoted to personnel issues and would then allocate a regular block of time to that activity. Of course if the factory is on fire, or World War III is declared, the manager may have to re-allocate this time in a particular week but barring such crises, this time should then become sacrosanct and always applied to the same, designated purpose. Similarly, time may be allocated to staff development and training. So if one afternoon a month is deemed to be a suitable allocation, then simply designate the second Thursday (say) of each month and delegate the choice of speakers. The actual time spent in managing this sort of long term objective is small, but without that deliberate planning it will not be achieved. Once you have implemented Personal Time Management, it is worth using some of that control to augment your own career. Some quiet weekend, you should sketch out your own long term objectives and plan a route to them. As you would any long term objective,  allocate time to the necessary sub-tasks and monitor your progress. If you do not plan where you want to go, you are unlikely to get there. Concluding Remarks. Personal Time Management is a systematic application of common sense strategies. It requires little effort, yet it promotes efficient work practices by highlighting wastage and it leads to effective use of time by focusing it on your chosen activities. Personal Time Management does not solve your problems; it reveals them, and provides a structure to implement and monitor solutions. It enables you to take control of your own time how you use it is then up to you.